Devices that typically rely on wireless connections include cell phones, laptops, and smart home devices.
Malfunctioning Wi-Fi can result in poor call and streaming quality, as well as an inability to surf the Internet.
So how exactly does Wi-Fi work? And what can users do to improve their experience when utilizing a wireless connection?
How Does Wi-Fi Work?
In order to transmit information wirelessly, Wi-Fi networks utilize radio waves. Radios within wireless routers translate data into radio signals and then use antennas to transmit these signals. Connected devices then use radios of their own to receive these signals and translate them into usable data.
Although this method of communication bears many similarities with communication via walkie-talkie or cell phone, Wi-Fi networks typically transmit more data. As a result, Wi-Fi radios operate on a much higher frequency, typically either at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz.
Although 2.4 GHz connections run slower than those on 5 GHz, they have a much wider range and perform better when traveling through solid objects. These connections cover larger areas, as well as areas with more obstructions. Connections at 5 GHz are typically used more often since users experience significantly higher speeds. Additionally, interference from other devices have little to no effect on connections at 5 GHz.
Recently, the Federal Communications Commission voted to open a portion of the 6 GHz frequency for normal Wi-Fi use. This decision effectively quadruples the amount of “space” available for Wi-Fi connections. As a result, devices supporting Wi-Fi 6E (not to be confused with Wi-Fi 6) would utilize previously unoccupied space. As we will discuss later, this would theoretically resolve Wi-Fi connectivity issues resulting from interference or a crowded frequency.
Common Wi-Fi Issues
Now that we have a general understanding of Wi-Fi and the difference between its two frequencies, how can we apply this knowledge to troubleshoot common connection issues?
Issues due to Distance/Obstructions
As previously mentioned, users connecting devices to a wireless network may experience diminished service when connecting to an access point or router that is far away or separated by thick walls. Concrete and brick walls have been found to have a significant, negative effect on any signal passing through. On the other hand, drywall and plywood have almost zero impact on wireless connectivity.
Solution: To properly diagnose any Wi-Fi issues stemming from distance or barriers, it is suggested that users perform a wireless site survey. This analysis highlights areas of a workspace that experience degraded Wi-Fi signal. The ability to identify these dead zones can immediately provide answers on whether an additional access point is needed and where exactly it needs to be installed. Plugging these holes in wireless coverage with multiple access points ensures that user experience stays consistent regardless of location within an office.
Interference
Predictably, wireless connections suffer from interference more than traditional, wired connections. When devices utilize a 2.4 GHz connection, this issue becomes especially prominent. The inherent range of these connections means that a network can be negatively impacted by other networks in the general vicinity. Furthermore, devices such as Bluetooth accessories, wireless security systems, baby monitors, and even microwave ovens utilize a 2.4 GHz frequency. A congested radio frequency creates more opportunities for Wi-Fi disruptions.
Solution: To reduce the possibility for interference, wireless users should try to connect through a 5 GHz connection whenever possible. Although this frequency has a shorter range, it presents less opportunities for interference from common appliances. Switching to a 5 GHz connection should also result in a significant improvement in connection speed. Additionally, the FCC decision to open up the 6 GHz frequency for Wi-Fi networks presents further opportunities to avoid interference and congestion. As this technology is adopted by device manufacturers, users would need to be on the lookout for devices supporting Wi-Fi 6E.
Router Limitations
Even when using the highest speed Internet connection, users will still experience wireless connectivity issues if their router is misconfigured or outdated. An overwhelming amount of features and specifications may intimidate consumers when considering an upgrade, but making the right decision is simple when we know what to look for.
First, users should be examining the features supported by the router’s antennas. Multi-user, multiple-input, multiple output technology, or MU-MIMO, is a recent technology that allows the router to speak to multiple devices at the same time. Since devices have to wait less time to send and receive data, overall wireless performance is improved.
The impact of MU-MIMO scales positively as more devices connect to the wireless network. Additionally, the increased efficiency of MU-MIMO better accommodates bandwidth-intensive activities such as high-resolution streaming or gaming. While shopping for an upgrade, consumers can also see this technology under the names Next-Gen AC or AC Wave 2.
Next, consumers should pay attention to the frequencies supported by the router. Single band routers only support 2.4 GHz connections. As previously mentioned, this lower frequency is especially prone to interference from common appliances and is significantly slower than a 5 GHz connection. Dual band routers support both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz connections, providing a much greater degree of flexibility in a wireless network. Although a majority of users will solely be connected to the 5 GHz network, the availability of a 2.4 GHz network can increase overall network range whenever needed. And as previously mentioned, consumers can expect router manufacturers to begin supporting Wi-Fi networks on the 6 GHz frequency.
Another feature that should be considered when purchasing a new router is the Wi-Fi standard and maximum data rate that is supported by the device. In short, three standards are regarded as outdated and should be disregarded as useful features: 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. This leaves us with 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax. These three standards support dual-band functionality as well as theoretical speeds of up to 600 Mbps, 1.3Gbps, and 12Gbps, respectively.
Until the ax standard gains more widespread adoption and support, the ac standard will be the best option for a typical user since the n standard does not support MIMO. Maximum data rates should be visible on the packaging of any reputable router manufacturer. But note that these listed rates are theoretical maximums, so users will likely not experience these advertised speeds.
Lastly, and most simply, users should be conscious of the security features on the router. If the router does not support WPA2 or WPA3 security, then do not buy it. These security protocols are considered the most secure and up-to-date widely available for consumers.
WPA3 has recently emerged as a more secure protocol, but is yet to be widely adopted and supported by many devices. Using outdated security protocols such as WEP and WPA leave networks vulnerable to attack from low-level hackers. Fortunately, the majority of modern routers have WPA2 security built in, but is always worth verifying before purchasing.
Conclusion
As we have seen, Wi-Fi performance can be negatively affected by elements as seemingly insignificant as a brick wall or baby monitor. Thankfully, a number of tools exist to analyze network deficiencies, so that Wi-Fi can be extended and strengthened. Don’t let Wi-Fi issues interrupt workflow; consider updating your current network setup and avoid network disruptions.
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